Australia ICOMOS E-Mail News No. 710

  1. Australia ICOMOS Secretariat Office closure for the holiday season
  2. NSC on Cultural Landscapes and Cultural Routes 2016 meeting: 18-20 March
  3. US/ICOMOS 2016 International Exchange Program – call for applicants
  4. University of Queensland’s Master of Heritage Management – launching in 2016
  5. Latest issue of Studies in Western Australian History
  6. Latest Federation of Australian Historical Societies e-Bulletin available online
  7. Museums Australia (VIC) Seminar: Rough Guide to Marketing
  8. Australia ICOMOS NSW Heritage Symposium 2016 – save the date
  9. Comfort Futures: 1 day Workshop, 14 December, 2015, Melbourne
  10. New book on introducing technology to enhance and not destroy indigenous cultures
  11. CHINA Inc conference, Townsville, 27-28 February 2016 – call for papers
  12. Tours of Seidler office & penthouse – cancer fundraiser
  13. Scholarships for the Advanced Masters in Structural Analysis of Monuments and Historical Constructions – applications open
  14. News from Old Parliament House
  15. Investigation into Historic Places – call for responses to Draft Proposals Paper
  16. News from ICCROM
  17. Renewed call: How do you deal with bird droppings on buildings?
  18. Rottnest Island/Wadjemup Cultural Landscape Management Plan
  19. News from Sydney Living Museums
  20. Cambridge Heritage Research bulletins available
  21. SITUATION VACANT Senior Team Leader, State Heritage Assessments, NSW Office of Environment and Heritage
  22. SITUATION VACANT Senior Team Leader Heritage Assets, NSW Office of Environment and Heritage
  23. SITUATION VACANT New senior leadership position, Robin Boyd Foundation, Melbourne
  24. SITUATION VACANT Project Architect/ Graduate Architect, Clive Lucas Stapleton & Partners
  25. SITUATION VACANT Senior Architect, Design 5 – Architects

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1. Australia ICOMOS Secretariat Office closure for the holiday season

The Australia ICOMOS office will be closed from mid-afternoon Friday 18 December 2015 to Friday 8 January 2016 inclusive. The office will re-open on Monday 11 January 2016, and the first e-newsletter for 2016 will be published on Friday 15 January. The final e-newsletter for 2015 will be published on Friday 18 December 2015.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

2. NSC on Cultural Landscapes and Cultural Routes 2016 meeting: 18-20 March

Planning is well underway for the annual NSC meeting this time in Lithgow (north of Canberra).

The focus of the meeting is the challenge of heritage that is more than simply a single place for example the layers of industrial landscapes in Lithgow and the routes from Sydney over the mountains. Such heritage poses challenges for an identification and management system that works on a place level.

Commencing Friday evening there will be a (self-funded) get together meal. On Saturday Ray Christison and Iain Stuart will be conducting a guided drive/walk commending at 9 am to be followed by a meeting, lunch, presentations and discussion/workshop about the issues, hosted at the State Mine Site in Lithgow.

On Sunday there will be self-drive tour industrial and historic route options.

A flyer with more details will be out in January but in the meantime mark this event in your 2016 calendar.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

3. US/ICOMOS 2016 International Exchange Program – call for applicants

US/ICOMOS expects to support a number of internships overseas and within the United States in historic preservation during the course of 2016. This program provides unparalleled opportunities for preservationists early in their careers to gain hands-on experience in a country other than their own. The program is geared toward those nearing the end of graduate school or with 1-3 years of professional experience. Placements are made by matching the skills/experience of each applicant with the needs of each host organization.

Prospective Interns

Application procedures can be found on the Intern section of the US/ICOMOS website.

2016 Program Schedule

The program schedule for 2016 has not yet been updated on the webpage, however this is expected in the near future. The 2015 schedule is outlined below and can be used as a guide for the likely 2016 schedule.

Interns are selected on a competitive basis for participation in the US/ICOMOS International Exchange Program. Internships are approximately 12 weeks in length (including orientation and the final program) and are usually held during the summer (from June to August), although some internships may be held at other times of the year. US/ICOMOS hosts all US and international interns for a program orientation in Washington, DC at the beginning of the summer. Interns then disperse to their various host organizations where they complete a preservation-related project designed by the host organization. At the end of the summer, all interns reconvene in Washington, DC for a final farewell program.

2015 Schedule

The program schedule for 2015 is set as follows (subject to minor variations in accordance with host organization schedules):

  • Late January / early February – Applications from prospective interns due to US/ICOMOS
  • Late May / early June – Intern orientation in Washington, DC
  • June – August – Duration of summer Internships
  • Mid-August – Final program for summer Interns and orientation for fall interns

Program Overview

Since the US/ICOMOS International Exchange Program was created in 1984, more than 600 young preservation professionals and over 70 countries have participated. The aim of the program is to promote an understanding of international preservation policies, methods, and techniques and to enable interns to make professional contacts and form personal friendships that will ensure a continuing dialogue between countries.

The program began with a one-time exchange between US/ICOMOS and ICOMOS United Kingdom. It since has expanded to involve between 10 and 20 preservation professionals annually depending on the level of funding available. US/ICOMOS is always looking for preservation organizations both in the U.S. and abroad to host interns and participate in this exciting program of cultural exchange. The program is made possible through generous grants from many US foundations, government agencies and individual contributors, and ICOMOS National Committees of participating.

For more information, click here or email Brian Lione.

PROSPECTIVE APPLICANTS FROM AUSTRALIA PLEASE NOTE:

Applications must be made by nomination through Australia ICOMOS. Nominations will be confirmed by January 2016. We regret the awkward timing of the call and US ICOMOS is aware of the problem.

Applicants must be financial members of Australia ICOMOS – please note that both Full and Associate members of Australia ICOMOS can apply to this program – and have adequate experience and the clear opportunity to travel in the middle of the year.

Applications should be emailed to the Australia ICOMOS Secretariat by COB Thursday 10 December 2015.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

4. University of Queensland’s Master of Heritage Management – launching in 2016

In recent years Heritage Management has developed into a growing area of employment in the public and private sector and a significant focus for global scholarship. The University of Queensland’s (UQ) new suite of postgraduate programs in Heritage Management allows graduates of archaeology, anthropology, history and related disciplines aiming to develop the advanced skills and knowledge required by employers in the global heritage sector. Complementing UQ’s well-regarded Museum Studies program, Heritage Management provides a nationally unique option for graduate students focusing on the management of heritage places within prevailing statutory frameworks, including World Heritage practice.

Watch the YouTube video – Download the UQ Postgraduate Heritage Management flyer.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

5. Latest issue of Studies in Western Australian History

The latest issue of Studies in Western Australian History  — Tom Stannage: History from the Other Side  — edited by Deborah Gare and Jenny Gregory, was launched at the University of Western Australia in November.  

It includes analyses of the late Tom Stannage’s contribution to Australian History and his community influence by a range of historians, including the late Geoffrey Bolton, as well as excerpts from some of his most influential writing. Tom was influential in changing attitudes towards history and heritage in Western Australia and was the inaugural Chair of the Heritage Council of WA.

 Copies are available through this link.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

6. Latest Federation of Australian Historical Societies e-Bulletin available online

To read the latest Federation of Australian Historical Societies e-Bulletin, click on the link below.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

7. Museums Australia (VIC) Seminar: Rough Guide to Marketing

Discover the tricks to marketing your museum, gallery or organisation. The session, facilitated by Jareen Summerhill, Senior Manager, Brand and Audience at Museum Victoria, will be packed with practical tips and strategies to build and expand your audiences. The Museum Victoria team will also be sharing recent insights as to why people visit museums.

Date: Thursday 10 December

Time: 1:30pm – 4:30pm

Venue: Melbourne Museum

Cost: Member $75, Non-Member $150

> Book now to secure your place

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

8. Australia ICOMOS NSW Heritage Symposium 2016 – save the date

HERITAGE IN CONTEXT AND CONTENTION

Australia ICOMOS is holding a one day heritage symposium on Friday 19 February 2016. The theme of the symposium is “Heritage in Context and Contention”.

The symposium has two key themes:

  • the important role of heritage places in creating liveable and delightful cities and towns; and
  • achieving good heritage outcomes within a contentious statutory environment including learnings from the NSW Land and Environment Court.

A deeper understanding of these issues associated with heritage in context and contention will provide an opportunity for advancing conservation standards in NSW.

Please save the date. Bookings will open soon. The symposium will be held in the Conference Room at the McKell Building near Central Station, from 9.00am to 4.00pm courtesy of the NSW Government Architect’s Office.

More information on speakers, costs and how to book will be available in the next few weeks. In the interim please email Kate Higgins if you have any queries.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

9. Comfort Futures: 1 day Workshop, 14 December, 2015, Melbourne

Examining the environmental consequences of indoor thermal comfort across the Asia Pacific

Free Attendance

Date & time: 10.00am – 4.00pm, 14 December 2015

Location: Deakin University Melbourne City Centre, Level 3, 550 Bourke Street, Melbourne

This one-day workshop addresses the future of thermal comfort and the environmental consequences surrounding the rapid uptake of air conditioning across Australia, Asia and the Middle East. As part of an ARC Discovery international collaboration, speakers will debate the future of thermal comfort and discuss how we might promote alternative comfort practices that reduce the carbon footprint of our built environment. The workshop will launch the project’s online knowledge platform.

Confirmed Speakers

  • Tim Winter – Research Chair of Cultural Heritage, Deakin University
  • Jiat-Hwee Chang – Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
  • Donald McNeill – Professor of Urban & Cultural Geography, Western Sydney University
  • Yolande Strengers – Senior Research Fellow, Centre of Urban Research, RMIT

Please register at this link

Download the Comfort Futures Workshop flyer.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

10. New book on introducing technology to enhance and not destroy indigenous cultures

The publication At the Intersection of Indigenous and Traditional Knowledge and Technology Design is now available. The book of chapters (edited by  Nicola J. Bidwell and Heike Winschiers-Theophilus) explores various projects around the world in which technology was introduced to indigenous populations in such a way as to enhance rather than diminish indigenous culture.

Currently the book is available for purchase (hard copy: USD$99 and e-book: USD$8.65) from Amazon, and for $49.99 (USD most likely) directly from the publisher at Informing Science Institute – members of the Informing Science Institute receive a code they can use to receive all Informing Science publications at half-price.

The book is also available for online reading free of charge.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

11. CHINA Inc conference, Townsville, 27-28 February 2016 – call for papers

Chinese Heritage In North Australia Incorporated (CHINA Inc.)
The 6th “no fuss” Conference
“Northern Links: Transplantation or Transnationalism?”
Townsville, North Queensland
27-28 February 2016

Hot off the conference committee press! It’s that time of year for Chinese history and heritage researchers, archaeologists, academics, museum and collection managers, family history researchers and genealogists to be invited to submit abstracts for papers for the sixth biennial “no fuss” conference presented by CHINA INC.

Proposed papers may be broad based but should reflect on Chinese in northern Australia and the conference series theme “Northern Links: Transplantation or Transnationalism?” This conference aims to explore themes of settling vs sojourning; transplantation vs transnationalism across the diverse northern landscape of Australia with an underlying aim to demonstrate connections between China, northern Australia, Asia Pacific and the nation.

Abstracts should be submitted by email to conference organisers by the 15 December 2015. Abstracts (300–500 words) should include the title of the proposed paper, author/s name, institution or affiliations (if any), contact details and a brief biography about each author. We encourage attendance and participation by emerging scholars for whom it is a great presentation opportunity and warmly welcome family historians and genealogists to whom we have dedicated a session on Chinese families and Chinese family history.

If you would like to present a paper or attend the conference, please email an expression of interest to the organisers.

For more information, download the ‘Northern Links’ Conference – Call for Papers flyer.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

12. Tours of Seidler office & penthouse – cancer fundraiser

Polly Seidler is conducting a tour of the Harry Seidler office (1973) & adjoining penthouse (1988) for cancer-charity fundraising. Tour includes history, design, structure & art, including the newly installed 2014 Archibald winning portrait of Penelope Seidler by Fiona Lowry. No internal photos. 

Date & time
Saturday 12 December, 3.00-4.00pm

Cost

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

13. Scholarships for the Advanced Masters in Structural Analysis of Monuments and Historical Constructions – applications open

Applications for the Advanced Masters in Structural Analysis of Monuments and Historical Constructions, approved by the European Commission within the framework of the Erasmus Mundus Programme, are open until 15 January 2016.

The Masters Course is organized by a Consortium of leading European Universities/Research Institutions in the field, composed by University of Minho (coordinating institution, Portugal), the Technical University of Catalonia (Spain), the Czech Technical University in Prague (Czech Republic), the University of Padua (Italy) and the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Czech Academy of Sciences (Czech Republic). The course combines the most recent advances in research and development with practical applications.

A significant number of scholarships, ranging from 4,000 to 25,000 Euro, are available to students of any nationality.

Please find full details on the MSc programme, as well as electronic application procedure, at the course website.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

14. News from Old Parliament House

To read the latest newsletter from the Old Parliament House, click here.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

15. Investigation into Historic Places – call for responses to Draft Proposals Paper

In March 2014, the State Government requested the Victorian Environmental Assessment Council (VEAC) to undertake an Investigation into Historic Places on public land across Victoria. The Terms of Reference for the Investigation are available here.

The Notice of Investigation was published on 26 June 2014 and the first submission period closed on 8 September 2014.

The Draft Proposals Paper was released on Thursday 22 October 2015 and submissions in response to the paper are now invited until Tuesday 22 December 2015.

For more information about the submissions process, please visit the About Submissions page. Also see the Media Release.

Submissions are due by Tuesday 22 December 2015.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

16. News from ICCROM

To view the latest news from ICCROM, click here.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

17. Renewed call: How do you deal with bird droppings on buildings?

A big thank you to all those anonymous heritage professionals who have participated in the on-line survey. Yet we need more responses, please. I fully realise how busy we all are, but it would be really great if those who have not yet participated, could find the time to do so. It will only take 10 minutes (or less) of your time. Please support this research.

The questionnaire can be found at this web address

Many thanks,
Dirk Spennemann

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

18. Rottnest Island/Wadjemup Cultural Landscape Management Plan

The Rottnest Island/Wadjemup Cultural Landscape Management Plan sets out the outstanding heritage values of Rottnest Island/Wadjemup as a cultural landscape and makes recommendations for the protection and enhancement of those values into the future. It builds on the previous studies that have identified the values of various elements of the Island, but is distinguished by the consideration of the Island as an interacting and evolving whole, which has not been studied in any holistic way until now.

TPG’s Nerida Moredoundt and Bryn Coldrick of Amergin Consulting were the primary authors of the plan with expert advice provided by Dr Jane Lennon (Jane Lennon and Associates) and Dr Edward McDonald (Ethnosciences).

The CLMP supports the Rottnest Island Management Plan (RIMP 2015-2019) and will guide the Rottnest Island Authority’s work in ensuring Rottnest Island’s outstanding heritage values are recognised, protected and made accessible.

Download the Rottnest Island/Wadjemup Cultural Landscape Management Plan (PDF 10.37MB)

All media enquiries to Penni Fletcher-Hughes by email, or call 0419 942 278.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

19. News from Sydney Living Museums

To read the latest news from the Sydney Living Museums, click here.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

20. Cambridge Heritage Research bulletins available

To read the latest Cambridge Heritage Research bulletin, click on the following link.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

21. SITUATION VACANT Senior Team Leader, State Heritage Assessments, NSW Office of Environment and Heritage

Location: Parramatta
Classification/Job Grade: Environment Officer Class 12
Employment Status: Ongoing Full-Time

Agency overview

The NSW Office of Environment and Heritage aims to enrich life in NSW by helping the community to conserve and enjoy our environment and heritage.

Heritage provides an integrated approach to conserving Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal heritage by working with the community to list items on the State Heritage Register, declare Aboriginal Places and register state shipwrecks. We assess applications to change listed items, repatriate Aboriginal ancestral remains, administer grants for heritage conservation and provide secretariat services to the Heritage Council and the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Advisory Committee.

Duties

Lead and manage a team in the assessment of development applications and approval pathways relating to items listed on the State Heritage Register and other statutory lists. The Senior Team Leader also provides expert heritage advice on complex and strategic conservation documents that manages the delivery of best practice in heritage conservation.

For more information about this role, click here.

Applications close 17 December 2015.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

22. SITUATION VACANT Senior Team Leader Heritage Assets, NSW Office of Environment and Heritage

Location: Parramatta
Vacancy Ref: OEH 515-15
Job Title: Senior Team Leader Heritage Assets
Classification/Job Grade: Environment Officer Class 12
Employment Status: Ongoing Full-Time (1 role available)

Agency overview

The NSW Office of Environment and Heritage aims to enrich life in NSW by helping the community to conserve and enjoy our environment and heritage.

Heritage provides an integrated approach to conserving Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal heritage by working with the community to list items on the State Heritage Register, declare Aboriginal Places and register state shipwrecks. We assess applications to change listed items, repatriate Aboriginal ancestral remains, administer grants for heritage conservation and provide secretariat services to the Heritage Council and the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Advisory Committee.

Duties

Lead and manage a team to assist owners and/or managers of items listed on the State Heritage Register advice in relation to heritage conservation including in the assessment of development applications and approval pathways. The Senior Team Leader also provides expert heritage advice on complex and strategic conservation documents that manages the delivery of best practice in heritage conservation.

For more information about this role, click here.

Applications close 8 December 2015.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

23. SITUATION VACANT New senior leadership position, Robin Boyd Foundation, Melbourne

The Robin Boyd Foundation is seeking a person to fill a new senior leadership position, 3 days a week, reporting to the Board. The title of the new position will be determined in light of who is appointed.

We expect that, the person in the new role will help the Foundation grow to a point where it needs a full-time Director to run its operations. And we expect that the person would make the short-list to fill that position.

The Board has created this new position in reflection of the Foundation’s burgeoning success and to help it advance into the next chapter of its life.

Detailed information about this opportunity is available at the Robin Boyd Foundation website.

Applications close Monday 7 December 2015.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

24. SITUATION VACANT Project Architect/ Graduate Architect, Clive Lucas Stapleton & Partners

Clive Lucas Stapleton & Partners have a vacancy for a Project Architect or Graduate Architect with demonstrated, hands-on interest in heritage buildings for a full-time position. AutoCAD experience is an advantage.

Please apply in writing with CV to Sean Johnson, Clive Lucas Stapleton & Partners, 155 Brougham Street, Kings Cross, 2011, by email to Clive Lucas Stapleton & Partners.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

25. SITUATION VACANT Senior Architect, Design 5 – Architects

EXPERIENCED CONSERVATION ARCHITECT

Design 5 – Architects, a well-established practice based in Chippendale, Sydney, are seeking a Senior Architect with a minimum of 5 years’ experience to join our team on a range of conservation related projects. We have a broad range of interesting and challenging projects, from adaptive re-use and detailed conservation work to new structures in significant contexts. We are seeking someone with good design, contract documentation, and communication skills, and preferably proficient in Vectorworks. Knowledge of traditional construction and experience in running projects is essential.

Email CV to Design 5

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Disclaimer: Opinions expressed in the Australia ICOMOS Email News are not necessarily those of Australia ICOMOS Inc. or its Executive Committee. The text of Australia ICOMOS Email news is drawn from various sources including organizations other than Australia ICOMOS Inc. The Australia ICOMOS Email news serves solely as an information source and aims to present a wide range of opinions which may be of interest to readers. Articles submitted for inclusion may be edited.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Australia ICOMOS Secretariat
Georgia Meros, Secretariat Officer
Cultural Heritage Centre for Asia and the Pacific
Deakin University
221 Burwood Highway
Burwood VIC 3125
Telephone: (03) 9251 7131
Facsimile: (03) 9251 7158
Email: austicomos@deakin.edu.au
http://www.icomos.org/australia

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~