1. Australia ICOMOS ISC/NSC Funding Program

2. More courses offered by IPPHA

3. Australia ICOMOS – Sydney Talk Series

4. ‘Cultural Heritage Management and Indigenous Cultures’ course, Florence, July 2012

5. Australia ICOMOS – Canberra Talk Series

6. Australia ICOMOS – Canberra Talk Series with Godden Mackay Logan

7. Cultural Heritage and Climate Change in the Arctic talk – TODAY!! – James Cook Uni, Cairns

8. Heritage Victoria’s Inherit e-newsletter available online

9. New email address for Docomomo Australia

10. Australia ICOMOS International Day for Monuments and Sites NSW Symposium

11. Peter McIntyre open days and lectures

12. Japan Architecture Tour – 18-28 April 2012

13. ‘Placing’ Europe in the Museum: people(s), places, identities conference – call for papers

14. Glocal Audiences in Culture: Global Cities, Local Audiences conference, April 2012

15. New European Heritage Portal

16. Cultural Heritage Centre for Asia and the Pacific Seminar Series

17. SITUATIONS VACANT Heritage Consultant & Student Heritage Consultant (2 positions)

18. SITUATIONS VACANT Conservators to Work In Antarctica

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1. Australia ICOMOS ISC/NSC Funding Program

The Australia ICOMOS Executive Committee has endorsed the implementation of a new ISC/NSC Funding Program to provide financial assistance for events, projects or programs that promote and strengthen Australian membership of ISCs and NSCs. The program aims to recognise Australia ICOMOS’s commitment to provide support for the work of AI members active in International Scientific Committees (ISC) or National Scientific Committees (NSC).

In August 2011, Australia ICOMOS allocated a fund of up to $5,000 for the 2011-2012 financial year, some of which has already been provided to NSCs and ISCs for events and activities. Some funds are yet to be allocated. Therefore, applications are now invited from Australia ICOMOS members who are also members of an ISC or NSC. Grants will be available to a maximum of $2,000 per annum. Grants are intended for discrete, one-off events, meetings or projects, and will not apply to funding for ongoing programs. Grants may be applied for in consecutive years by any ISC or NSC. Allocation will be competitive.

Eligible activities for the funding program may include, but are not restricted to:

• An annual meeting of all Australian ISC / NSC members
• An event for an individual ISC, NSC or group of ISCs
• Support for an international ISC meeting in Australia (Note: Australia ICOMOS is unable to fund the full extent of such a meeting, however if an international meeting was planned for Australia through other external funding, AI members would be eligible to apply for this fund as a small part of its budget)
• Discrete projects or programs of works that aim to promote Australian membership of ISCs or NSCs and actively engages with the AI membership
• Discrete projects or programs of works that allow AI members to support the work of an ISC or NSC and that has some benefit or relevance for Australian members

Procedure for applications for the ISC/NSC Funding Program

• Any Australia ICOMOS member who is also a member of an ISC or NSC is eligible to apply for a grant
• The applicant must demonstrate how the grant will broadly benefit the ISC or NSC and, in particular, members of that ISC or NSC in Australia. Priority will not be given to requests where the benefit is to an individual member
• The grant is not available to cover personal travel expenses to attend ISC or NSC meetings
• When assessing the merits of a particular application for a grant AI will take into account the nature of the proposal, the potential benefits to the ISC or NSC (in particular to the Australian membership), and the ability of the proposal to actively engage the AI membership
• As a condition of funding, successful applicants will be expected to submit a written report to the Australia ICOMOS Executive on the project/program awarded funding, and a short version of this report for inclusion in the e-news, so that other members are informed about issues currently under discussion by that ISC or NSC
• Grant recipients will also be required to provide AI with an acquittal report of the project within one year of the grant being awarded. Copies of receipts or invoices for goods and services must be provided. Any shortfall between the grant and the expenses incurred will need to be returned to Australia ICOMOS

Please email all applications to the Australia ICOMOS Secretariat by COB 23 March 2012.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

2. More courses offered by IPPHA

The Institute for Professional Practice in Heritage & the Arts (IPPHA) has some exciting courses on offer – click on the links to view course information:

1. Communities and place: understanding social and aesthetic values in heritage conservation, a one-day skills development workshop on Thursday 26 April 2012
2. Cultural Landscapes: current issues and approaches in international practice, a one-day professional update session on Friday 27 April 2012
3. The Physical Conservation of Buildings and Structures, Kosciouszko National Park, 10 – 15 April 2012
4. Key issues in Native Title Anthropology, Canberra, 16 – 20 April 2012

Register via the IPPHA website. For further information email Sandy Blair or phone (02) 6125 5887.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

3. Australia ICOMOS – Sydney Talk Series

Reflections on holistic conservation and management of historic gardens
Jan Haenraets

Jan Haenraets, Landscape Architect and Conservation Specialist, will speak on some aspects of holistic management and conservation of gardens and cultural landscapes, such as ownership and local engagement, the wider landscape, integrity, skills and environmental management. The subject will be explored through project experiences with the National Trust for Scotland, the Olmsted Centre for Landscape Preservation at the US National Park Service and recent advisory support to the Indian National Trust for Arts and Cultural Heritage Jammu & Kashmir Chapter where work is advancing to safeguard the Mughal Gardens of Kashmir and to submit a UNESCO World Heritage nomination.

Dr Jan Haenraets is a Landscape Architect, Conservation Specialist and Environmental Advisor. He is an Associate in Atelier Anonymous, Vancouver, BC, Canada; member of ICOMOS UK; and member of the DOCOMOMO International Specialist Committee on Urbanism and Landscapes.

Members of the public are welcome!

Time & Date: Thursday 29 March 2012, 5.30pm for 6pm start
Cost: Members $5, non-members $10, payable at the door. Wine and nibbles will be provided.
Venue: Godden Mackay Logan, 78 George Street, Redfern
RSVP: email Jane Vernon or call (02) 9319 4811. Please note: RSVP is essential as places are limited.

This is the second of a regular talk series organised by NSW members of Australia ICOMOS, held on the last Thursday of each month. If you have any ideas for future talks, please do not hesitate to email Anita Krivickas. 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

4. ‘Cultural Heritage Management and Indigenous Cultures’ course, Florence, July 2012

Thank you to all those that have expressed an interest in the UQ workshop in Florence this year (called ‘Cultural Heritage Management for Indigenous Cultures’). Places are filling fast so if you’re looking for a tax deductible and thoroughly educational trip to Italy in the European summer please book soon. The details are as follows:

• The University of Queensland will be in Florence, Italy in 2012 teaching a course in cultural heritage management for Indigenous cultures. Students and professionals are welcome to attend.

• The world is changing rapidly, and the adverse impacts of change are being felt disproportionately by Indigenous cultures. How should heritage practitioners respond to the challenges to Indigenous cultural heritage presented by large-scale mining and other significant development activities? What mechanisms exist for the identification, assessment and management of Indigenous cultural heritage values? Precisely what are the heritage values that require conservation? And, perhaps most importantly, what is the role of Indigenous peoples themselves in the conservation of their own heritage?

• The University of Queensland is conducting a course entitled ‘Cultural Heritage Management and Indigenous Cultures’ in July 2012, in Florence, Italy that will explore the fundamental concepts underpinning cultural heritage management within the context of Indigenous cultures. The course will take a strongly practical approach, exposing participants to the statutory frameworks and heritage challenges of Australia and the Pacific, North and South America, and South Africa. ‘Cultural Heritage Management and Indigenous Cultures’ will be an intensive, exciting and thoroughly rewarding workshop series of direct application to students of archaeology, anthropology and cultural resource management, in addition to heritage practitioners of all backgrounds. Heritage students and professionals interested in working in developing countries will find the course of particular interest.

For more information click here or email Andrew Sneddon. 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

5. Australia ICOMOS – Canberra Talk Series

Yes we are having our Talk Series this year, it’s just been a slow start, with none of the offers of talks available for February, and the National Archives of Australia (NAA), who so kindly offer us the Menzies Room for free, not available for March.

(NAA has a wonderful exhibition that starts next week on Traversing Antarctica celebrating the centenary of Mawson’s expedition).

We are therefore lucky to have a last minute offer for a talk this coming Thursday 22 March, but it will be held at the Australian Institute of Architects and GML Canberra premises by a visiting expert, Jan Haenraets, on Modern Landscape Conservation and Management Planning – see next notice.

Our future dates for 2012 talks are:

• 22 March (see above and next notice)
• 26 April
• 24 May
• 28 June
• 26 July
• 30 August
• 27 September
• 25 October
• 15 November

We have various offers for talks, including a couple on different perspectives of Griffin’s Canberra Plan – it’s the 100th anniversary of Griffin winning the design competition in May 2012. There is still space for one or two offers of talks.

As usual, notice with details of each talk will be given two weeks beforehand, with a reminder one week before. Canberra region members and friends of heritage, as well as ICOMOS visitors to Canberra are always welcome.

Contact:  Marilyn Truscott

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

6. Australia ICOMOS – Canberra Talk Series with Godden Mackay Logan

Modern Landscape Conservation and Management Planning
Jan Haenraets

Pitmedden Garden, Scotland (Wikipaedia)

 The talk will give an introduction to the conservation process for historic and cultural landscapes, from research to the implementation of projects and maintenance. The subject is explored through examples from conservation project work on cultural landscapes and historic parks and gardens for the National Trust for Scotland, the United States National Park Service, and work in India for the National Trust for Arts and Cultural Heritage Jammu and Kashmir Chapter.

Dr Jan Haenraets is a Landscape Architect, Conservation Specialist and Environmental Advisor. He is an Associate in Atelier Anonymous, Vancouver, BC, Canada; member of ICOMOS UK; and member of the DOCOMOMO International Specialist Committee on Urbanism and Landscapes. He is briefly visiting Australia, also giving talks in Sydney and Melbourne.

Members and the public are welcome: Refreshments will be available appropriate to the talk’s topic! This is part of a series of talks organised by Australia ICOMOS; in this case with venue support by GML.

Time & Date: 5 .00-6.30pm, Thursday 22 March 2012 – the talk will start at 5.30pm
Venue: NOTE CHANGE OF VENUE FOR THIS TALK – At the Australian Institute of Architects and office of Godden Mackay Logan,  2A Mugga Way Deakin (off Tennyson and Stonehaven Crescents)
RSVP: To Marilyn Truscott

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

7. Cultural Heritage and Climate Change in the Arctic talk – TODAY!! – James Cook Uni, Cairns

 For further information see the Cultural Heritage and Climate Change in the Arctic flier, but it is requested that you Register for this talk for catering purposes.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

8. Heritage Victoria’s Inherit e-newsletter available online

To view the January-February issue of Inherit, click here.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

9. New email address for Docomomo Australia

Please note that Docomomo Australia’s new email address for correspondence is docomomo@docomomoaustralia.com.au.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

10. Australia ICOMOS International Day for Monuments and Sites NSW Symposium

Australia ICOMOS is organising a symposium to be held in Sydney on 18th April 2012 to mark the International Day for Monuments and Sites.

April 18th is a major celebration for ICOMOS and each Australia ICOMOS organises activities around Australia to celebrate the diversity of the world’s cultural heritage. This year’s theme marks the 40th anniversary of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, which was adopted in 1972. The focus will be on “World Heritage and Sustainable Development: the Role of Local Communities” – which spans not only the involvement of local communities in the nomination, management and conservation of properties, but also their role as participants and economic beneficiaries, and holders of traditional management practices and l knowledge.

The venue for the event, in line with this year’s theme, is Hyde Park Barracks, one of 11 Australian Convict Sites that have been inscribed on World Heritage List on 31 July 2010.

The following is the provisional list of speakers and the preliminary running order of the program:

Time: The event will commence at 3.00pm and will conclude at 6.30pm
Cost: Australia ICOMOS members $10; non-members $15 (to cover catering)
RSVP: Please email Kerime by 30 March 2012.

We look forward to welcoming you on the day!

Best regards,
Kerime Danis
Australia ICOMOS NSW Representative &
International Day for Monuments & Sites Coordinator

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

11. Peter McIntyre open days and lectures

A celebration of the life and achievements of Peter McIntyre AO.

Two open days, including 8 houses designed by Peter McIntyre for you to visit.

• Dates: Sunday 1 April and Sunday 22 April 2012
• House opening times: 10.00am to 4.00pm

Including the acclaimed ‘River House’ designed for himself and Dionne, his wife in 1955, together with the ‘Sea House’ designed for his family in 1979.

Two lectures including one by Peter himself.

Ticket numbers are limited and the event is expected to sell-out. We encourage you to book early to ensure you obtain tickets.

For further information and to download the brochure and booking form, click here.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

12. Japan Architecture Tour – 18-28 April 2012

Robert Day has a few spots left on the forthcoming Japan Tour. The tour dates are 18-28 April 2012. Hopefully this will be in the middle of the cherry blossom season.

TOUR DETAILS and HIGHLIGHTS from Robert

The cost of the tour will be $4,200AUD per person excluding airfares, meals and some incidental train and bus costs, providing you arrive in Tokyo on Wed 18 April. The price includes all accommodation and venue entry costs, 7 day JR Rail Pass and other train travel except as noted above.

The tour will spend 6 nights in Tokyo and 4 nights in Kyoto. In Tokyo we will visit several galleries and museums designed by famous architects, visit the architectural hotspots of Ginza and Omotesando plus visit Frank Lloyd Wright’s Jiyu Gakuen school. There should also be a number of interesting art and architecture exhibitions to see as well.

In Kyoto we will visit several of Kyoto’s most famous temples and shrines.

Using Kyoto as our base, we will also travel to Meiji-Mura and Hyogo to see Frank Lloyd Wright’s Yamamura House and Imperial Hotel.

A visit to the fantastic Fuji Kindergarten by Tezuka Architects has also been arranged.

 For further information visit the Japan Architecture Tours website, download the Japan Tour Flyer or email Robert Day.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

13. ‘Placing’ Europe in the Museum: people(s), places, identities conference – call for papers

‘Placing’ Europe in the Museum: people(s), places, identities
3-4 September 2012

Abstracts and session proposals due 30 March 2012.

The imperatives surrounding the museum representation of place have shifted from the late eighteenth century to today. This is in part because the political significance of place itself has changed and continues to change at all scales, from local, civic, regional to national and supranational. At the same time, recognition of changes in population flows, migration patterns and demographic movement now underscore both cultural and political practice, be it in the accommodation of ‘diversity’ in cultural and social policy, scholarly explorations of hybridity or in state immigration controls. These issues, taken historically, have particular significance for contemporary understandings of the role of place in individual, collective and state notions of society in the EU, in member states and in other European countries. How do European museums present societies as bound to, or enabled by, place and places? Or as having roots in places and/or taking routes from, to and through places? What cartographical groupings, borders, knowledges (e.g. archaeological, ethnographic etc.) and traversals order and organise populations into societies in the museum? What is the metaphorical ‘place’ of place in European museums now, what does this say about identities?

To invert these questions, we might ask what happens or what can happen, when the ‘peoples’ and ‘places’ implicated in, and at least to some extent constructed in, museum representation shift, change, multiply, fragment and/or move? What happens when the museum desire for fixity is disrupted by new sensibilities towards population flows, multiple heritages and the shifting territories of geopolitical places? Should museums’ representational practices change? If so how? What are the new dimensions of identity construction and production in museums whose physical place is fixed, but whose audiences, with their changing heritages and cultures, are not?

For further information, see the ‘Placing’ Europe in the Museum people(s), places, identities information sheet.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

14. Glocal Audiences in Culture: Global Cities, Local Audiences conference, April 2012

Glocal Audiences in Culture: Global Cities, Local Audiences
Barcelona, Spain
19-20 April 2012

The group of museums articketBCN, in Barcelona, are organising this conference on audiences in culture, for professionals working in all cultural sectors. The main subject is how different cultural institution (especially musems) with lots of tourist as their main audience, reach out to local audiences. And from there, the strategies to favour the habit of culture going at local level.

For further information, download the Glocal Audiences in Culture flier or visit the conference website.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

15. New European Heritage Portal

 Explore the information at the Heritage Portal.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

16. Cultural Heritage Centre for Asia and the Pacific Seminar Series

The Cultural Heritage Centre for Asia and the Pacific (CHCAP) at Deakin University is continuing the seminar series it established in 2011 at DeakinPrime, in the city on the last Wednesday of every month.

Location

DeakinPrime
Deakin University Melbourne City Centre
Meeting Room 2
Level 3, 550 Bourke St
Melbourne VIC 3000
Australia

Date & Time

Last Wednesday of every month, from 5.30pm

Program

28 March 2012, 5.30pm
Presenter: Prof Richard Mackay AM (Partner of Godden Mackay Logan Heritage Consultants and Adjunct Professor in the Archaeology Program at La Trobe University)
Title: Our heritage report card: The State of the Australian Environment 2006 – 2011

For further information, please email Steve Cooke or contact him on (03) 9244 6827.

For more information about cultural heritage teaching and research at Deakin University please visit the CHCAP webpage.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

17. SITUATION VACANT SITUATIONS VACANT Heritage Consultant & Student Heritage Consultant (2 positions)

Heritage Consultant & Student Heritage Consultant (2 positions)

City Plan Services is an integrated development consultancy servicing the private and public sectors in the fields of town planning, urban design, heritage conservation and building certification, with offices in Sydney, Gosford and Newcastle.

We are seeking an experienced Heritage Consultant & a Student Heritage Consultant (2 different positions) for our Sydney office. Our heritage division, City Plan Heritage is a practice skilled in the disciplines of heritage conservation and management with a team who bring together a unique combination of experience, qualifications and abilities and provides significant opportunities to enhance your experience and career.

We offer a full range of services, including:

• Heritage Impact Statements
• Conservation Management Plans
• Heritage Studies
• Heritage Interpretation
• Conservation Architect Services
• Archival Recording
• DA Assessments & Peer Reviews
• Archaeological Assessments

We currently have two positions available and seek an Experienced Heritage Consultant plus a Student Heritage Consultant to join our Heritage team, and to complement our other development services.

Position 1: Experienced Heritage Consultant (permanent part-time or full-time)

The ideal individual for Heritage Consultant position will have 3-5 years experience in heritage assessments, appraisals and conservation management plans. A broad understanding of the operation of Local, State and National statutory heritage and planning frameworks is also highly desirable. A qualification in architecture or archaeology is an advantage.

Position 2: Student Heritage Consultant (casual part-time)

As a guide, we are seeking a student with 1 – 3 years experience with a recognised tertiary qualification in history, archaeology or museum studies. Experience in historical research is a must for this position.

Well-developed oral, written communication and interpersonal skills are essential for both positions, as well as an ability to work effectively in a team environment. An intermediate knowledge of Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint and Photoshop is preferred.

Both positions offer an exciting career path for the successful applicant and competitive salaries will be negotiated commensurate with experience and qualifications.

Please forward your cover letter & CV to Kerime Danis (Manager) via email by COB Friday 23 March 2012.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

18. SITUATIONS VACANT Conservators to Work In Antarctica

Positions Vacant – Conservators to Work In Antarctica
Employer: Antarctic Heritage Trust

Applications for 6 positions listed below are now open. Closing date: 30 March 2012.

For further information and application forms visit the Antarctic Heritage Trust website.

Vacancy: 1 x Lead Summer Conservator 2012/13 (6 month fixed term agreement with the possibility of combining a winter contract to make a twelve month contract in total)

Vacancy: 1 x Summer Timber Conservation Carpenter 2012/13 (6 month fixed term agreement with the possibility of combining a winter contract to make a twelve month contract in total)

Vacancy: 1 x Lead Winter Conservator 2013 (6 month fixed term agreement) Fixed Term Agreement Dates: February 2013 to August 2013 in Antarctica

Vacancy: Winter Conservators 2013 (6 month fixed term agreement) Fixed Term Agreement Dates: February 2013 to August 2013 in Antarctica Positions Available: 2 Conservators, 1 Conservation Carpenter

Email Karen Clarke for further with any queries.

Phone: +64 3 358 0212
Fax: +64 3 358 0244

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Disclaimer: Opinions expressed in the Australia ICOMOS Email News are not necessarily those of Australia ICOMOS Inc. or its Executive Committee. The text of Australia ICOMOS Email news is drawn from various sources including organizations other than Australia ICOMOS Inc. The Australia ICOMOS Email news serves solely as an information source and aims to present a wide range of opinions which may be of interest to readers. Articles submitted for inclusion may be edited.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Australia ICOMOS Secretariat
Georgia Meros, Secretariat Officer
Cultural Heritage Centre for Asia and the Pacific
Deakin University
221 Burwood Highway
Burwood VIC 3125
Telephone: (03) 9251 7131
Facsimile: (03) 9251 7158
Email: austicomos@deakin.edu.au
http://www.icomos.org/australia

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

This email message is intended only for the addressee(s) and contains information which may be confidential and/or copyright. If you are not the intended recipient please do not read, save, forward, disclose, or copy the contents of this email. If this email has been sent to you in error, please notify the sender by reply email and delete this email and any copies or links to this email completely and immediately from your system. No representation is made that this email is free of viruses. Virus scanning is recommended and is the responsibility of the recipient.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~