Australia ICOMOS E-Mail News No.
358
For mail order transactions: Australia
ICOMOS now accepts Visa and MasterCard
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
An information service provided by the Australia ICOMOS Secretariat
Friday 10 October 2008
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1) Kristal Buckley re-elected as ICOMOS Vice-President
2) Special seminar at Deakin University - Wednesday 22 October
3) 7th mAAN Conference - call for papers
4) 2009 UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage Awards for Culture Heritage
Conservation - call for entries
5) Call for Submissions - UNESCO Convention on the Protection and
Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions
6) THE PACIFIC CONNECTION: Trade, travel & technology transfer
conference - call for papers
7) REMINDER: Making Public Histories - Seminar Series, Thursday 16
October 2008
8) Expressions of Interest sought for inclusion of original work in
the journal CRM: The Journal of Heritage Stewardship
9) CMC working group invites submissions on the National
Arts and Disability Strategy
10) Heritage Talks 2008 - hosted by the Town of Vincent, WA
Situations Vacant...
11) RTA - Heritage Consultant
12) Professor from School of International and Political Studies (Deakin
University) seeks Research Assistant with expertise in SPSS
13) PRACTICE OPPORTUNITY for an experienced heritage
practitioner
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1) Kristal Buckley re-elected as
ICOMOS Vice-President
At the conclusion of last week's 16th ICOMOS General Assembly,
Kristal Buckley from Australia ICOMOS was one of five Vice-Presidents
elected to serve for the next three years under new ICOMOS President
Gustavo Araoz from US/ICOMOS. The new Secretary-General is Benedicte
Selfslagh (Belgium), and the new Treasurer-General is Jadran Antolovic
(Croatia). We look forward to working with the new Executive Committee
over the next three years.
We congratulate the organising committee, led by Michel Bonnette, and
hosts ICOMOS Canada (President Francois Leblanc) on a successful General
Assembly. Some 30 Australians were among the 800 or so delegates,
presenting 10 of the more than 100 papers and contributing several of the
more than 200 posters to the Scientific Symposium on the theme Finding
the Spirit of the Place. The Quebec Declaration on the Spirit of Place
was adopted at the end of the Assembly, and ICOMOS Iran issued an
invitation to the 17th General Assembly in Isfahan in 2011.
Peter Phillips
President
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2) Special seminar at Deakin
University - Wednesday 22 October
Deakin University's Cultural Heritage Centre for Asia and the
Pacific (CHCAP) is presenting a special seminar from 10:30 am - 12:00
noon on Wednesday 22 October at the Burwood Campus.
The seminar will be given by Pascal Trarieux, Director and Conservator
in the Musee de Beaux Arts (Fine Arts Museum), Nimes, France, who is
in Australia for a brief visit arranged by Simon Klose, Director of the
Benalla Art Gallery.
The topic of Pascal's seminar is 'French Culture in regional
development, tourism and education'.
We all know how the French love their culture. In fact, on a per capita
basis France provides one of the highest levels of funding to culture. It
has an enormous national government department devoted to culture (as
well as regional and city departments), and the links with education and
tourism are strong and important. They have provided France with a
massive tourism economy, a high level of national connectedness and an
unshakeable national pride.
Between France and Australia there are many differences - but in the
differences lie opportunities. This talk will broadly outline one
country's cultural strategy providing an opportunity to build enhanced
cultural development strategies for Australian cultural
organisations.
All welcome. Please RSVP to
wl@deakin.edu.au and for room
details.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3) 7th mAAN Conference - call for
papers
Conference Theme: Asian Cities - Legacies of Modernity
The 7th mAAN Conference will be held in New Delhi, India, from 23 to 25
February 2009. The mAAN-7 conference will be located at the famous India
International Centre and in close proximity to the early-20th century
heart of New Delhi, one of the most endangered urban heritages of the
modern world.
The fate of "Lutyens' New Delhi" as it is widely known, in memory of the
garden city's chief architect and author of its final plan, Edwin
Lutyens, is symptomatic of the beleaguered future of other such modern
cities, where the heritage precinct circumscribes a prized parcel of
land, preserving the image of the modern city, but at odds with the
density and social character of the contemporary.
The fascinating aspect of the modern city and its tenuous existence
within the contemporary metropolis is that it not only represents the
spatial imagination and technology of the recent past, but is also a
receptacle for polarities of privacy and publicity, of native and
foreign, of order and chaos and status and hierarchy, that are now being
replaced by the simulacra of post-industrial society. Space is no longer
a binding or a divisive force; it is instead a common ground where the
common interest of consumerism can be played out. Landscape is no longer
a binding of spatial relationships; it is now the ornament worn by the
enclaves of wealth. What binds the whole is infrastructure, the single
parameter for judging whether the modern should be relegated to the urban
trash heap or allowed to exist as a symbol of luxury or economy.
mAAN invites presentations about the myriad ways in which the modern city
contributes to the formation of a modern identity. It shall inquire
whether, by revitalizing the modern, the city is itself reinvented. And
it will promote the idea that concerted action is needed in the form of
documentation, discourse and intervention - in order to conserve the
vital socio-cultural and economic resource represented by the modern
Asian city.
Call for Papers
The organizers of the conference invite abstracts for papers on the
following themes:
1. The knowing modern cities of Asia
2. Regulating the modern architectural precinct
3. Participatory processes in revitalization
4. The educational imperative: training for conservation
Abstracts should be 500 words, with the name of the principal and
subsidiary authors clearly indicated. Keywords should be indicated at the
end of abstracts.
Abstracts should be emailed to the mAAN7 Secretariat
(maan7newdelhi@gmail.com)
latest by 3 November 2008. Authors of the short-listed abstracts shall be
required to submit their complete papers latest by 2 January 2009.
SESSION 1
The 'knowing' modern cities of Asia
A large number of Asian cities carry evidences of continuous
historical evolution, from ancient civilizations to the contemporary
urban agglomeration. Each of these cities, from Istanbul and Cairo to
Delhi to Beijing and Tokyo, has an ever-changing urban matrix in which
the historical cores and precincts are inextricably embedded. To know the
contemporary Asian city is to appreciate the accretive character of urban
growth as well as the durability of the city itself, which seems to have
the capacity to absorb endlessly. However, heritage in general is under
threat in these cities. Because the heritage building or precinct is
usually an awkward artifact - resistant to the logic of modern planning
and management yet compelling in its social and aesthetic unity - it has
become the bane of the urban developer, more convenient to be discarded
than to be assimilated. It is as if each building knows something, is a
teller of history, and could either be welcomed or be treated as a
threat, telling stories that contemporary society does not want to
hear.
The session will combine presentations that explore the urban knowledge
embedded in modern heritage, and the process by which the conservation
and revitalization process can be a enlightening process, informing and
assuring the present-day society of its past, uncovering a knowledge that
is too valuable to be lost. Papers could engage with the theoretical,
practical and documentary aspects of the subject, presenting ways of
seeing the Asian city that have been overlooked and potentials in
heritage conservation that have not been tapped.
SESSION 2
Regulating the modern architectural precinct
The modern architectural precinct presents a peculiar set of
problems for the heritage conservationist and the city administrator.
Unlike ancient heritage, which has a morphological character and scale
that is radically different from the plan and intent of the contemporary
metropolis, the modern precinct represents a stage in the evolution of
the metropolis itself. Preserving and revitalizing the modern precinct is
thus a task that requires the administrator to be also a historian, and
the developer to be also a curator. Drafting a set of regulations for a
modern precinct is like creating a code for preserving a specific
practice of urban living, not merely the edifice that represents a
distant past.
mAAN invites papers and presentations on the subject of legislation and
administration for the specific purpose of revitalizing modern heritage
precincts. We invite a discussion of examples from Asian and non-Asian
countries, where the existence of built heritage from the 19th and 20th
centuries has attracted the attention of planners, administrators and
conserving communities. The session shall focus on the premise that good
governance lies at the core of a policy regime that is directed towards
preserving a character that is unique and irreplaceable, thereby
preventing legally and institutionally - the assault of modern heritage
by conspicuous consumption of urban space.
SESSION 3
Participatory processes in revitalization
A significant aspect of the revitalization of modern heritage is
the growing need for local participation and collaboration amongst the
public and various stakeholders, as well as the active involvement of the
government. Unlike the preservation of archaeological sites, modern
heritage is usually a lived-in built environment that commands a high
price, because of its usually privileged location within the metropolis,
and also houses a category of persons - say, the industrial worker, or
the welfare state officer - that is becoming outmoded and redundant in
the new economy. Modern heritage precincts, many of them residential or
mixed-use planned neighbourhoods, are sites of conflict and potential
resolution, thus becoming the locations for cooperative rebuilding of the
city.
mAAN seeks presentations of successful participatory processes leading to
the preservation and revitalization of modern heritage precincts. Papers
could explore a variety of approaches to encourage participation, analyse
existing models of the conservation process, and document examples of
successful community-based revitalization.
SESSION 4
The educational imperative: training for conservation
It is a widely perceived that the process and final outcomes of
the revitalization of modern heritage requires the professionals and
other stakeholders to have particular skills; intellectual, social and
communicational. Further, these skills are different for different Asian
societies, depending on the relationships between practitioners and
government, and between society and professionals.
mAAN would like to explore the diversity as well as the commonality
between the scenarios in different countries, in order to arrive at a
shared understanding of the steps that need to be taken; generally, at a
pan-Asian level, and particularly, for specific countries, to ensure that
the field of heritage revitalization is adequately served by
professionals with the appropriate skills, knowledge and
sensibility.
Papers would typically address the challenges of education and training
for the field of modern heritage revitalization, either discussing and
comparing different pedagogical and professional approaches, or sharing
case studies that illustrate emerging dimensions of the phenomenon.
Papers could also discuss the variety of techniques now available for the
task of revitalization, and the ways in which knowledge-processing,
mapping and similar technologies are able to assist the field of heritage
conservation.
For updates please go to
http://www.m-aan.org/.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4) 2009 UNESCO Asia-Pacific
Heritage Awards for Culture Heritage Conservation - call for entries
Entries are now being accepted for the 2009 UNESCO Asia-Pacific
Heritage Awards for Culture Heritage Conservation. The awards programme,
in its tenth year, recognizes the achievement of individuals and
organizations within the private sector, and public-private initiatives,
in successfully restoring structures of heritage value in the
Asia-Pacific region. The deadline for receipt of materials is 31 March
2009.
For further information, visit
http://www.unescobkk.org/index.php?id=8111.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
5) Call for Submissions - UNESCO
Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural
Expressions
In its 2007 policy New Directions for the Arts, the Australian
Government committed to ratify and give effect to the UNESCO Convention
on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions
(the Convention).
The Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (the
Department) is the lead agency in the ratification process for the
Convention. The Department is seeking views from arts, culture,
Indigenous, education and heritage organisations and other relevant
stakeholders on the likely implications of Australia's accession to the
Convention. Your written submission is invited, in relation to -
1. Significant policy, resourcing or
infrastructure implications that would affect your activities under the
Convention
2. Opportunities created, or constraints
imposed by, the Convention on your organisation's (or your individual)
ability to protect and promote the diversity of cultural expressions,
and
3. Any other significant implications of
Australia's accession to the Convention.
Please see the attached Call
for Submissions paper for further details. A copy of the Convention
is also attached for your reference.
Wherever possible, submissions should be sent by email to
jane.carter@environment.gov.au by 3 November 2008.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
6) THE PACIFIC CONNECTION: Trade,
travel & technology transfer conference - call for papers
Faculty of Architecture, University of Melbourne, 19-21
February 2009.
A three day conference exploring connections in the built environment
between Australia, the United States, and the Pacific region.
Deadline for abstracts: 10 November 2008
To download the conference flyer and for further information, visit
http://www.heritage.vic.gov.au/Home.aspx?newsID=60.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
7) REMINDER: Making Public
Histories - Seminar Series, Thursday 16 October 2008
Creating Victoria's Framework of Historical
Themes
Making Public Histories - Seminar Series
Thursday 16 October 2008 from 5:30pm to 7pm
State Library of Victoria, Seminar room 1, Entry 3 La Trobe St
Amanda Bacon (manager of the strategic projects unit in Heritage
Victoria) will outline the origins and aims of a project which is
developing a framework of historical themes for assessment, management,
promotion and interpretation of Victoria's heritage places and objects.
Sandy Blair from Melbourne-based consultancy firm Context will
outline the challenges of creating a set of themes that are at once
engaging, inclusive of a wide range of experiences, and also applicable
across the natural, indigenous, and historic environments.
As Heritage Council representative on the project, Renate Howe
will explore the different ways that historians, heritage professionals
and local government administrators perceive historical themes.
The Making Public Histories Seminar Series is offered jointly by
Monash University's Institute for Public History, the History Council of
Victoria and the State Library of Victoria.
The final Seminar in the Series for 2008 is Exhibiting Melbourne: The
city in the Museum (20 November).
Venue Information
www.slv.vic.gov.au/programs
Admission is Free and all are welcome to attend.
History Week 2008 -
http://www.historyweek.org.au
Discover the wonder of Victoria's past! History week runs from 12-19
October 2008.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
8) Expressions of Interest sought
for inclusion of original work in the journal CRM: The Journal of
Heritage Stewardship
US/ICOMOS, in partnership with the United States National Park
Service is seeking expressions of interest from members of ICOMOS, who
may wish to have innovative and original work considered for publication
in CRM: The Journal of Heritage Stewardship, which is
published both in hard copy and electronically available at
http://crmjournal.cr.nps.gov/Journal_Index.cfm. The objective of this
initiative is to increase the dissemination among the readers in the
United States and overseas of important ideas and experiences in cultural
heritage management from all over the world. Note that ten percent of the
readership is from outside the United States, and rising. Because the
circulation is so large, this is a great way for selected authors to
receive broad international exposure.
CRM: The Journal of Heritage Stewardship addresses the
history of, development of, trends and emerging issues in cultural
resource management in the United States and abroad. Its purpose is to
broaden the intellectual foundation of the management of cultural
resources. CRM Journal is written for practitioners in the cultural
resources fields, including history, architecture, curation, ethnography,
archaeology, cultural landscapes, folklore and related areas; scholars on
colleges and universities who teach, study and interpret cultural
resources and other members of the heritage community.
Three types of submissions are being sought: viewpoint essays, full
scholarly articles and research reports. In expressing their interest to
contribute to CRM: The Journal of Heritage Stewardship,
potential authors should be aware of the following guidelines for
authors:
Generally manuscripts must not exceed 6,000 words, exclusive of endnotes
and illustrations. Articles must be based on substantive research. They
should provide a hypothesis, description of previous work, methodology,
results, conclusions and bibliography. Articles include historical
perspectives on important cultural resource programs, examples of
cultural resource investigations, studies, research projects, and
activities that would interest the field as a whole. Articles will be
published in English, and should be submitted in English. Special
individual exceptions may be made to accept articles in Spanish or French
for later translation into English before publishing. Many examples of
viewpoint essays, scholarly articles and research reports, as well as the
broad range of topics covered, may be found in the CRM
website listed above, as are more detailed guidelines and regulations
concerning submissions. To obtain a complete vision, consult the
website.
If you are interested in having your work considered for publication in
CRM, please respond by sending the following information to
garaoz@usicomos.org:
a. Name, postal and electronic address information, institutional
affiliation and title; phones and fax
b. Tentative title(s) or topic(s) of intended contributions, with a sort
description of the proposal (maximum 250 words)
c. Curriculum Vitae, including a list of your previous publications
The selection of authors and articles for CRM is a highly
competitive and scholarly rigorous process led by the editor, Martin
Perschler. Authors selected to be invited to submit their work will be
notified individually and directly by either US/ICOMOS or by Mr Perschler
and the CRM editorial staff. At that time, full details on the process
and the product, as well as deadlines will be provided.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
9) CMC working group invites
submissions on the National Arts and Disability Strategy
A discussion paper on developing a National Arts and Disability
Strategy was released by Cultural Ministers Council.
It is available for download on the CMC website at
http://www.cmc.gov.au/working_groups/national_arts_and_disability_strategy_working_group/national_arts_and_disability_strategy
in Word, HTML PDF and MP3 audiovisual formats. A printed brochure
version, Auslan interpreted captioned DVD, Braille and large-print
versions are also available.
Submissions will be open until 3 November 2008. The email address
for submissions is
arts.disability@environment.gov.au. Other contacts are detailed in
the paper.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
10) Heritage Talks 2008 - hosted
by the Town of Vincent, WA
The Town of Vincent is hosting a series of free Heritage Talks
during the latter part of 2008.
The talks promise to be both informative and practical, providing the
opportunity for discussion on a variety of heritage related topics.
The topics of the forthcoming talks are as follows:
Topic 3: Sense of Place - Heritage, the Vital Ingredient
Date: Thursday 16 October 2008
Presenter: Executive Director City of Perth Heritage Appeal,
Richard Offen
Topic 4: Renovating and Conserving your Home
Date: Thursday 13 November 2008
Presenter: Architect, James Vincent
The talks are free and will be held at the Town's Library and Local
History Centre at No. 99 Loftus Street (corner Vincent Street),
Leederville from 6 - 7pm on the Thursday evenings as detailed above. The
talks will comprise a presentation by the guest speakers, group
discussion and light refreshments. More information on the topics and
guest speakers can be found on the Town's website
www.vincent.wa.gov.au or the
Town's dedicated heritage website
www.vincentheritage.com.au.
If you would like to register for the talks please contact Senior
Heritage Officer Tory
Woodhouse by telephone on (08) 9273 6514 or email
tory.woodhouse@vincent.wa.gov.au
(The flyer pertaining to the talks can be found at
http://vincentheritage.com.au/pdf/HERITAGETALKS_2008.pdf)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
11) RTA - Heritage Consultant
The RTA currently has an opportunity for an experienced Heritage
consultant to lead their heritage policy team of four from their office
in Surry Hills.
This is a senior level position with an attractive salary and working
conditions which include flexitime and continued personal development and
training. The RTA ensures all its employees enjoy a healthy work-life
balance.
Applicants short-listed for this position will be able to demonstrate
experience in some or all of the following areas:
- Sound technical knowledge of indigenous and/or
non indigenous heritage issues
- Strong leadership skills
- Experience of providing expertise and guidance
to staff working on major projects
- Experience of engaging in a positive manner
with key stakeholders
- A thorough understanding of NSW legislation and
processes
- Experience of forming productive relationships
at senior levels.
- Experience of engaging in a positive manner
with key stakeholders
This is a permanent position offering the opportunity for a Senior
Heritage Consultant to lead and influence at the highest level. This role
will see the successful applicant steering major projects and performing
a key role within the RTA's environmental policy area. This role is truly
a unique opportunity to influence and shape public policy to achieve
better heritage outcomes on the ground.
If you interested in a senior level role, which offers a healthy
"work-life" balance, you are encouraged to send your CV in confidence to
resume@kfr.com.au or call Kay
Farnell on (02) 9966 0969 to discuss in more detail.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
12) Professor from School of
International and Political Studies (Deakin University) seeks Research
Assistant with expertise in SPSS
A Research Assistant with strong knowledge in SPSS and other
statistical software, and with a Social Sciences background, is sought.
The job is only one day per week.
Please contact Professor Baogang He
baogang.he@deakin.edu.au
for more information.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
13) PRACTICE OPPORTUNITY for an
experienced heritage practitioner
There is an opportunity for an experienced heritage practitioner to join
a well-established Melbourne heritage practice as part of the management
and ownership team.
This opportunity could suit:
- An experienced heritage
practitioner not currently working as a heritage consultant
- A solo consultant
wanting to gain the benefits of a team environment
- A small firm seeking to
expand and that offers services in one or more cultural heritage
fields
This is a partnership opportunity.
For more information, and to indicate your interest on a strictly
confidential basis, contact: Gil Arnold ~ Planned Practice Management on
0408 403 439 ~
www.plannedpractice.com
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
If you would like to suggest an event, story, course etc for the
Australia ICOMOS e-mail news or submit an article, or you wish to be
removed from the distribution list, send an e-mail to the Australia
ICOMOS Secretariat at: austicomos@deakin.edu.au.
Please note that as the office is not staffed full-time it may take a few
days to deal with your request
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Disclaimer: Opinions expressed in the Australia ICOMOS Email News are not
necessarily those of Australia ICOMOS Inc. or its Executive Committee.
The text of Australia ICOMOS Email news is drawn from various sources
including organizations other than Australia ICOMOS Inc. The Australia
ICOMOS Email news serves solely as an information source and aims to
present a wide range of opinions which may be of interest to readers.
Articles submitted for inclusion may be edited.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Australia ICOMOS Secretariat
Georgia Meros, Secretariat Officer
Cultural Heritage Centre for Asia and the Pacific
Deakin University
221 Burwood Highway
Burwood Victoria 3125
Telephone: (03) 9251 7131
Facsimile: (03) 9251 7158
Email: austicomos@deakin.edu.au
http://www.icomos.org/australia
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This email message is intended only for the addressee(s) and contains
information which may be confidential and/or copyright. If you are not
the intended recipient please do not read, save, forward, disclose, or
copy the contents of this email. If this email has been sent to you in
error, please notify the sender by reply email and delete this email and
any copies or links to this email completely and immediately from your
system. No representation is made that this email is free of viruses.
Virus scanning is recommended and is the responsibility of the recipient.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~